FAQ: Birth Made simple

“Is this symptom normal?”
Many pregnancy symptoms are common—like nausea, fatigue, or mild cramping—but if something feels off or is persistent, it’s always okay to check in with your provider. Trust your instincts, and never feel guilty for asking questions.

“What’s the difference between Braxton Hicks and real labor?”
Braxton Hicks are practice contractions—usually irregular, mild, and go away with rest or hydration. Real labor contractions are stronger, closer together, and don’t ease with movement. Timing and intensity help tell the difference.

“Can I exercise safely?”
In most cases, yes! Walking, stretching, prenatal yoga, and swimming are great low-impact options. Always check with your provider, especially if you have a high-risk pregnancy, and listen to your body.

“Do I really need prenatal vitamins?”
Prenatal vitamins help fill nutritional gaps and ensure you’re getting key nutrients like folic acid, iron, and DHA. Even with a healthy diet, they’re an important support tool during pregnancy.

“How do I know if I’m in labor?”
Signs include regular contractions that get stronger and closer together, lower back pain, water breaking, or a bloody show. If you're unsure, it’s okay to call your provider for guidance.

“When should I go to the hospital or call my provider?”
Call if your water breaks, you have regular contractions (about 5 minutes apart for an hour), notice decreased fetal movement, or experience anything that feels concerning. When in doubt, call—it’s always better to be safe.

“What’s the risk of caffeine during pregnancy?”
Up to 200mg of caffeine a day (about one 12 oz coffee) is generally considered safe. Moderation is key. If you’re unsure, talk to your provider about your specific intake and overall health.

“Can emotions or stress impact the baby?”
Yes, chronic stress can affect hormonal balance, sleep, and even fetal development. The good news? Relaxation, support, and emotional check-ins can have a positive impact too. Your wellbeing matters—emotionally and physically.

“What is evidence-based childbirth?”
It means using current, research-supported practices to guide care and decision-making. This includes respecting informed choice, minimizing unnecessary interventions, and supporting natural processes when safe and possible.

OB-GYN Q&Debunking the Most Common Labor Myths

“Is it true that labor always starts with your water breaking?”
Not always! Only about 10–15% of labors begin with the water breaking. Most often, contractions come first. In many cases, your provider may even need to break your water later in labor to help things progress.

“Can you really not eat during labor?”
It depends on your provider and hospital policies, but current research supports light eating and drinking during early labor, especially in low-risk pregnancies. Your body needs energy! Clear fluids, broth, or small snacks can be helpful unless there’s a medical reason not to.

“Will I definitely scream and cry during labor?”
Everyone experiences labor differently. Some people vocalize loudly, while others breathe deeply and remain quiet. Birth is intense, but many birthing people are surprised by their own strength, and many even find moments of calm and empowerment during labor.

“If I get an epidural, I won’t feel anything at all, right?”
An epidural typically reduces pain, but you may still feel pressure or the urge to push. It's not a complete numbing experience for most—it’s more about pain relief, not total disconnection.

“Natural birth means no pain at all with the right mindset, doesn’t it?”
Mindset and preparation can definitely help manage discomfort, but they don’t make you immune to sensation. Tools like breathwork, visualization, movement, and support people can make labor feel more manageable, but pain perception is unique to each person.

“Once I hit my due date, I should expect to go into labor right away.”
Nope—only about 5% of babies are born on their due date. A “full-term” pregnancy is anywhere from 37 to 42 weeks. Your baby may need a little more (or less) time, and that's totally normal.

“Getting induced means labor will be easier and faster.”
Not necessarily. Inductions can take longer than spontaneous labor and may be more intense due to medical interventions. They can be necessary and positive in some situations, but it’s not a shortcut.

“You can’t give birth vaginally after a C-section.”
In many cases, a VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Cesarean) is possible and safe. It depends on the type of previous incision and individual health factors. Many people go on to have empowering vaginal births after cesarean with the right support.

“Lying on your back is the best position for labor.”
It’s just the most commonly shown in media. Upright or side-lying positions, squatting, kneeling, or using a birthing ball can all help labor progress and ease discomfort. Gravity is your friend!

“If labor doesn't go ‘by the book,’ I've failed.”
Absolutely not. Every birth is different. Whether you labor for 6 hours or 36, with or without medication, vaginally or via C-section—you gave birth. That’s powerful, and there’s no one “right” way to do it.

Lactation Consultant Advice: How to Prepare for Breastfeeding in Pregnancy

“When should I start preparing for breastfeeding?”
You can begin as early as the second trimester. Learning about latch, positions, and what to expect in the first few days can help reduce anxiety and build confidence.

“Do my breasts need to ‘get ready’ for breastfeeding?”
No special prep like toughening your nipples is necessary! Your body begins making colostrum (your first milk) in pregnancy. All you really need is education and support—your body does the rest.

“Can I hand express colostrum during pregnancy?”
Yes—in some cases, hand expressing colostrum from 36 weeks onward can be helpful, especially if you have gestational diabetes or are planning a cesarean. Always check with your provider first before trying.

“Should I buy a breast pump before baby arrives?”
Many parents wait until after birth, but you can check with your insurance now (most cover one). It can be handy to have one ready, especially if baby has difficulty latching or you’re returning to work.

“What are some common breastfeeding challenges to be aware of?”
Some parents face issues like sore nipples, engorgement, or latch struggles early on. Knowing who to call (like a lactation consultant) and getting help quickly can make a huge difference.

“How often should a newborn feed?”
Newborns feed frequently—usually 8–12 times in 24 hours. Their tummies are tiny, so frequent nursing helps stimulate milk production and keeps them satisfied.

“Will breastfeeding hurt?”
Breastfeeding may feel tender at first, but it shouldn’t be painful. Pain usually means there’s a latch issue that can be corrected with help.

“What if I can’t breastfeed right away?”
That’s okay. Many babies need time to learn, and so do parents. Skin-to-skin contact, expressing milk, and support from a lactation consultant can all help you meet your feeding goals—even if things don’t start out as planned.

How Does Pregnancy Actually Begin—What Happens After Conception?

“What exactly happens during conception?”
Conception begins when a sperm successfully meets and fertilizes an egg—usually in the fallopian tube. This creates a single cell called a zygote, which contains all the genetic material from both parents.

“How long after sex can conception happen?”
Sperm can live inside the body for up to 5 days. Ovulation typically happens mid-cycle, so conception can occur anywhere from a few hours to a few days after intercourse, depending on timing.

“What happens after the egg is fertilized?”
The zygote starts dividing into more cells as it travels down the fallopian tube. Around days 5–6, it becomes a blastocyst and reaches the uterus, where it prepares to implant.

“When does implantation happen?”
Implantation usually occurs about 6–10 days after ovulation. The blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining, where it will continue to grow. This is the true start of pregnancy.

“Is that when pregnancy tests start to work?”
Pregnancy tests detect hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), which starts rising after implantation. Most home tests are reliable around the time of a missed period (typically 10–14 days after ovulation).

“What are the very first signs of pregnancy?”
Early signs might include:

• A missed period
  
• Tender breasts
  
• Mild cramping or spotting (implantation bleeding)
  
• Fatigue
  
• Mood swings or nausea
  

“How does the body support early pregnancy?”
After implantation, your body produces hCG to support the pregnancy and prevent your period. The corpus luteum (from the ovary that released the egg) produces progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

“When does the embryo start developing?”
Very early! The embryo forms in the first week after implantation. By week 5 of pregnancy (about 3 weeks after conception), a heartbeat might already be forming.

“Can I feel anything during conception or implantation?”
Some people feel nothing at all, while others report mild cramping, bloating, or light spotting during implantation. These signs are subtle and easy to miss.

“When is pregnancy officially dated from?”
Oddly enough, pregnancy is dated from the first day of your last menstrual period (LMP)—not the day of conception. So when you're 4 weeks pregnant, conception likely happened around 2 weeks ago.

Pregnancy Science & Fetal Development

What are the stages of fetal development by trimester?

• First trimester: Conception to 12 weeks; major organs and structures form.
  
• Second trimester: 13-26 weeks; organs mature, and baby grows rapidly.
  
• Third trimester: 27-40 weeks; final development, weight gain, and organ refinement.

When do major organs like the brain, lungs, and heart fully develop?
The heart begins to beat around 5-6 weeks, the brain is active by 8 weeks, and the lungs mature towards the end of the second trimester, becoming fully functional closer to birth.

What is the placenta, and how does it work?
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy, providing oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste products for the baby. It also produces hormones that support pregnancy.

How does the baby get nutrients and oxygen?
The placenta transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s bloodstream to the baby via the umbilical cord.

What’s the role of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
Amniotic fluid cushions the baby, protects against temperature changes, helps with development, and allows the baby to move freely.

When does the baby begin to hear, see, and feel?
Hearing develops around 18 weeks, the ability to feel around 20 weeks, and vision begins developing later in the pregnancy, although full sight isn't achieved until birth.

What does “fetal viability” mean—and why does it matter?
Fetal viability refers to the baby’s ability to survive outside the womb, typically around 24 weeks gestation. It matters because it marks the point where medical intervention may allow survival.

What are fetal growth percentiles, and how are they measured?
Fetal growth percentiles compare the baby’s size to others at the same gestational age. They are measured via ultrasounds, assessing parameters like head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length.

What causes variations in fetal size?
 Variations can be caused by factors like genetics, maternal health, nutrition, the baby’s sex, and whether it’s a multiple pregnancy (twins, etc.).

What causes morning sickness, and when does it usually stop?
Morning sickness is caused by hormonal changes, particularly increased levels of hCG and estrogen. It typically starts around 6 weeks and can last until 12-16 weeks, though some women experience it longer.

Why am I so tired in early pregnancy—what’s happening inside?
Early pregnancy fatigue is due to hormonal changes, increased blood flow, and your body’s efforts to support the growing baby. The hormone progesterone is particularly responsible for making you feel sleepy.

What are round ligament pains, and are they normal?
Round ligament pains are sharp, cramp-like sensations caused by the stretching of ligaments supporting the uterus. They are normal and common, especially in the second trimester, as the uterus expands.

Why do I get heartburn during pregnancy?
Pregnancy hormones relax the muscles of the digestive tract, including the valve between the stomach and esophagus, leading to heartburn. Additionally, the growing uterus can put pressure on the stomach, exacerbating the problem.

What’s causing my mood swings and pregnancy “brain”?
Hormonal fluctuations, especially increased progesterone and estrogen, can impact mood and memory. "Pregnancy brain" refers to forgetfulness or difficulty concentrating, which is common due to these hormonal changes.

What are Braxton Hicks contractions—and how are they different from real labor?
Braxton Hicks contractions are irregular, mild uterine contractions that often begin in the second trimester. They are normal and serve to prepare the uterus for labor. Unlike real labor contractions, they don’t become stronger or more frequent over time.

What’s happening with my hormones during each trimester?

• First trimester: Hormones like hCG, progesterone, and estrogen increase to support pregnancy and maintain the uterine lining.
  
• Second trimester: Hormone levels stabilize; estrogen and progesterone continue to rise to maintain the pregnancy.
  
• Third trimester: Hormones like oxytocin begin to prepare the body for labor, and progesterone continues to support the uterus.
  

Why do some women experience pregnancy glow—and others don’t?
The "pregnancy glow" is attributed to increased blood flow, hormone changes, and skin changes. Not all women experience it, as factors like individual hormone levels, skin type, and health can affect how pregnancy shows on the skin.

Why does my sense of smell or taste change?
Hormonal shifts during pregnancy can heighten the sense of smell, which is often linked to morning sickness. Changes in taste can also occur, possibly due to pregnancy hormones affecting taste buds and saliva production.

What causes swelling, and how can I reduce it safely?
Swelling (edema) is caused by increased blood flow, fluid retention, and pressure from the growing uterus. To reduce swelling, elevate your feet, stay hydrated, avoid standing for long periods, and wear comfortable shoes.

What are the most common prenatal tests and when are they done?
Common tests include bloodwork and urine tests (1st trimester), ultrasounds (around 8-12 and 20 weeks), genetic screenings (10-13 weeks), glucose test (24-28 weeks), and Group B Strep test (36 weeks).

What is an NT scan, and what does it detect?
The Nuchal Translucency (NT) scan is done between 11–14 weeks to measure fluid at the back of the baby’s neck, which can help detect the risk of chromosomal conditions like Down syndrome.

How accurate are non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT)?
NIPT is highly accurate—up to 99% for detecting major chromosomal abnormalities like trisomy 21, but it’s still considered a screening, not a diagnostic test.

What’s the difference between screening and diagnostic tests?
Screening tests assess risk; diagnostic tests (like amniocentesis) confirm if a condition is present. Screenings are non-invasive, while diagnostics may involve more risk.

Do I need all the suggested ultrasounds?
Most pregnancies include at least two routine ultrasounds. Additional ones may be recommended based on risk factors. Always discuss with your provider.

What is Group B Strep, and why do I get tested at 36 weeks?
Group B Streptococcus is a common bacteria. Testing at 36 weeks helps prevent passing it to the baby during birth. If positive, antibiotics are given during labor.

What is Rh factor and how does it affect pregnancy?
Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells. If you’re Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive, it can cause complications. An Rh shot (RhoGAM) helps prevent this.

What happens if a test result comes back abnormal?
 Your provider will discuss next steps, which may include repeat testing, further screenings, or diagnostic tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS).

Can too many ultrasounds harm the baby?
There is no evidence that routine ultrasounds cause harm. However, they should only be done when medically necessary and by qualified professionals.

How do I prepare for a glucose test?
For the 1-hour test, eat normally beforehand but avoid sugary foods. For the 3-hour test, you may need to fast. Follow your provider’s instructions closely.

What are the signs labor is starting?
Signs include regular contractions, lower back cramps, bloody show, and water breaking.

How do I time contractions?
Count from the start of one contraction to the start of the next, and track how long each lasts.

What’s the difference between early, active, and transition labor?
 Early labor: mild, spaced-out contractions. Active: stronger, closer together. Transition: intense, rapid contractions right before pushing.

When should I go to the hospital or birthing center?
When contractions are 4-5 minutes apart, lasting 1 minute, for 1 hour—or sooner if advised by your provider.

What are the stages of labor—what happens in each?
Stage 1: contractions and dilation. Stage 2: pushing and birth. Stage 3: delivery of the placenta.

How painful is labor, really?
Pain varies for each person—some feel intense pressure, others strong cramps. Mindset, movement, and support make a big difference.

What are natural vs. medical pain relief options?
Natural: breathing, movement, water, massage. Medical: epidural, IV pain meds, nitrous oxide.

How does an epidural work, and what are the side effects?
It’s a spinal injection that numbs the lower body. Side effects may include drop in blood pressure, limited mobility, or longer pushing stage.

What is the “ring of fire” in childbirth?
It’s the burning sensation felt as the baby’s head crowns during pushing. It’s brief and signals birth is near.

Can I eat or drink during labor?
It depends on your provider and birth setting. Light snacks and fluids are often okay in early labor unless surgery might be needed.

What are some natural ways to manage pain during labor?
Try warm water, movement, breathwork, visualization, pressure points, and a calm environment.

What is a doula, and should I have one?
A doula offers emotional and physical support during labor. Studies show doulas can reduce interventions and improve satisfaction.

When is induction necessary—and how is it done?
It’s usually done for medical reasons like overdue pregnancy or high blood pressure. Methods include medications, membrane sweep, or breaking the water.

What are the risks of elective induction?
It may increase the chance of C-section, longer labor, and stronger contractions that stress the baby.

What are common reasons for a C-section?
Reasons include stalled labor, fetal distress, breech position, or placenta issues.

How does a C-section work step-by-step?
You receive anesthesia, a lower abdominal incision is made, the baby is delivered through the uterus, then the incision is closed.

What’s a VBAC and is it safe?
VBAC means vaginal birth after C-section. It can be safe for many with the right support and no complications.

What are forceps and vacuum deliveries—and when are they used?
These tools help guide the baby out during pushing if labor stalls or there’s distress.

What’s an episiotomy, and is it still common?
It’s a cut to widen the vaginal opening. It’s less common now and only used when medically needed.

How can I reduce my risk of tearing during delivery?
Try perineal massage, warm compresses, upright positions, and slow pushing.

What are delayed cord clamping and skin-to-skin benefits?
Delayed clamping allows more blood to reach the baby. Skin-to-skin boosts bonding, temperature regulation, and breastfeeding.

How do I manage anxiety during pregnancy?
Use calming tools like deep breathing, journaling, movement, or therapy. Talking openly helps reduce fear and overwhelm.

Can prenatal depression affect the baby?
Yes, untreated depression can impact bonding, birth outcomes, and baby’s development. Support and treatment are key.

How does childbirth education help prepare for labor?
It reduces fear, builds confidence, teaches pain management, and helps partners support effectively.

Should I take a birthing class?
Yes, it’s a great way to learn about your options, understand your body, and prepare mentally for birth.

What kind of birth plan should I make—and how flexible should it be?
List your preferences but stay open to changes. Think of it as a guide, not a script.

What are the signs of postpartum depression?
Ongoing sadness, anxiety, trouble bonding, or feeling numb or overwhelmed. It’s treatable reach out for help.

Is it normal to feel nervous or scared about childbirth?
Absolutely. Education, support, and mindset tools can ease fear and build trust in your body.

What are the psychological stages of pregnancy and transition to parenthood?
They include identity shifts, emotional ups and downs, nesting, bonding, and redefining roles and priorities.

What happens immediately after birth—what should I expect?
Skin-to-skin, cord clamping, placenta delivery, and initial checks like the Apgar score happen within the first hour.

How long does postpartum bleeding last?
Lochia (post-birth bleeding) can last 4–6 weeks, starting heavy and gradually lightening.

What is uterine involution, and why is it important?
 It’s the shrinking of the uterus back to its pre-pregnancy size—key for healing and reducing bleeding.

How long should I wait before exercising again?
Light movement is fine after a few days (if cleared), but wait 6+ weeks for intense workouts—check with your provider.

How do I care for a healing C-section incision?
 Keep it clean and dry, watch for signs of infection, and avoid heavy lifting or strain for a few weeks.

When does breastfeeding typically begin?
Often within the first hour after birth—early skin-to-skin and a calm environment support latching.

What are the baby’s first reflexes and behaviors?
Rooting, sucking, grasping, and startle reflexes are common, along with lots of sleeping and cuddling.

What’s the Apgar score, and why is it important?
It’s a quick check of baby’s heart rate, breathing, tone, reflexes, and color—done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

What’s the ideal pregnancy diet—according to science?
A balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean protein, healthy fats, fruits, veggies, and prenatal vitamins supports you and your baby.

How much weight should I gain during pregnancy?
It depends on your pre-pregnancy BMI—most people gain 25–35 lbs, but always follow your provider’s recommendations.

What foods and drinks should I avoid completely?
Raw seafood, unpasteurized dairy, deli meats, high-mercury fish, and alcohol are best avoided during pregnancy.

Is caffeine really harmful during pregnancy?
Moderate caffeine (under 200 mg/day—about one 12 oz coffee) is generally considered safe.

Can I still lift weights, run, or do yoga?
Yes, with your provider’s okay! Modify routines as needed and listen to your body—prenatal yoga and walking are great options.

How do I reduce my risk of gestational diabetes or high blood pressure?
Eat well, stay active, manage stress, and go to all prenatal visits for regular monitoring.

What are some red flags to watch for in pregnancy?
Call your provider if you notice severe pain, heavy bleeding, blurry vision, swelling in face/hands, or decreased fetal movement.

What role can a partner play in pregnancy and labor?
A partner can offer emotional support, help with physical comfort, advocate during labor, and share in bonding with the baby.

How can we prepare for childbirth together?
Attend birthing classes, discuss your birth plan, practice relaxation techniques, and stay informed together.

What should my partner do during contractions?
Offer counter-pressure, breathing support, verbal encouragement, and help you stay calm and grounded.

Can my partner attend ultrasounds or prenatal visits?
Yes—many providers welcome partners at appointments to foster connection and shared experience.

How do we navigate decision-making together during birth?
Talk through values and preferences ahead of time so your partner can support your choices and advocate if needed.